Grade 8 Math New York standards Standards

Functions

Statistics and Probability

Expressions, Equations, and Inequalities

The Number System

Geometry

Standards for Mathematical Practice

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions.

Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x² = p and x³ = p, where p is a positive rational number. Know square roots of perfect squares up to 225 and cube roots of perfect cubes up to 125. Know that the square root of a non-perfect square is irrational.

Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other.

Perform multiplication and division with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both standard decimal form and scientific notation are used. Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements of very large or very small quantities. Interpret scientific notation that has been generated by technology.

Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.

Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane; derive the equation y = mx for a line through the origin and the equation y = mx + b for a line intercepting the vertical axis at b.

Solve linear equations in one variable.

Recognize when linear equations in one variable have one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Give examples and show which of these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms.

Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and combining like terms.

Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of intersection of their graphs, because points of intersection satisfy both equations simultaneously. Recognize when the system has one solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions.

Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables with integer coefficients: graphically, numerically using a table, and algebraically. Solve simple cases by inspection.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving systems of two linear equations in two variables with integer coefficients.

Work with radicals and integer exponents.

Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.

Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output.

Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).

Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line. Recognize examples of functions that are linear and non-linear.

Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description of a relationship or from two (x, y) values, including reading these from a table or from a graph. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models, and in terms of its graph or a table of values.

Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph. Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described in a real-world context.

Define, evaluate, and compare functions.

Use functions to model relationships between quantities.

Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations.

Verify experimentally lines are mapped to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length.

Verify experimentally angles are mapped to angles of the same measure.

Verify experimentally parallel lines are mapped to parallel lines.

Know that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if the corresponding angles are congruent and the corresponding sides are congruent. Equivalently, two two-dimensional figures are congruent if one is the image of the other after a sequence of rotations, reflections, and translations. Given two congruent figures, describe a sequence that maps the congruence between them on the coordinate plane.

Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations, and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.

Know that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if the corresponding angles are congruent and the corresponding sides are in proportion. Equivalently, two two-dimensional figures are similar if one is the image of the other after a sequence of rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations. Given two similar two-dimensional figures, describe a sequence that maps the similarity between them on the coordinate plane.

Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles.

Understand a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

Given the formulas for the volume of cones, cylinders, and spheres, solve mathematical and real-world problems.

Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software.

Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres.

Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion; for rational numbers show that the decimal expansion eventually repeats. Know that other numbers that are not rational are called irrational.

Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line, and estimate the value of expressions.

Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.

Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.

Understand that straight lines are widely used to model relationships between two quantitative variables. For scatter plots that suggest a linear association, informally fit a straight line, and informally assess the model fit by judging the closeness of the data points to the line.

Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept.

Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data.